Bio Microscope
Opioid Related Peptides
Definition
Opioid related peptides are a group of endogenous neural polypeptides that bind especially to opiate receptors and mimic some of the pharmacological properties of opiates.
Discovery
Chang in 1980 isolated a human genomic DNA segment encoding the corticotropin-ß-lipotropin precursor peptide from a fetal DNA library, using previously cloned bovine cDNA for this peptide as a probe. The human genomic DNA was studied by electron microscope heteroduplex analysis and gel blotting methods, and its nucleotide sequence was determined and compared with that of cDNA corresponding to bovine pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA 1. The POMC gene codes for endogenous opiates, ß-endorphin and gamma-endorphin 2. Human enkephalins gene was isolated and its sequence described in 1982 by Noda 3. In 1983 human enkephalin B gene was isolated and sequenced 4.
Structural Characteristics
The opioid peptide precursors are encoded by three genes: pre-proopiomelanocortin, pre-proenkephalin, and pre-prodynorphin. Each precursor is subjected to complex post-translational modifications that results in the synthesis of multiple active peptides. These peptides share the common N-terminal sequence of Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-(Met or Leu), which has been termed the opioid motif; this is followed by various C-terminal extensions yielding peptides ranging from 5 to 31 residues in length. The major opioid peptide encoded by pre-proopiomelanocortin is ß-endorphin. In addition to ß- endorphin, the proopiomelanocortin precursor encodes the nonopioid peptides adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-MSH), and ß-lipotropic pituitary hormone (ß-LPH).
Mode of Action
Opioid peptides and their G-protein-coupled receptors (d, ?, µ) are located in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. The opioid system has been studied to determine the intrinsic mechanism of modulation of pain and to develop uniquely effective pain-control substances with minimal abuse potential and side effects.
About the Author
Custom Antibody, Custom Peptide Synthesis, Custom siRNA Synthesis, Organic Laboratory Technique
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